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In 2001, it was reported that genetically modified viruses can possibly be used to develop vaccines [24] against diseases such as, AIDS, herpes, dengue fever and viral hepatitis by using a proven safe vaccine virus, such as adenovirus, and modify its genome to have genes that code for immunogenic proteins that can spike the immune systems ...
The incorporation of several viruses in vaccination schemes has been investigated since the vaccinia virus was created in 1984 as a vaccine vector. [9] Human clinical trials were conducted for viral vector vaccines against several infectious diseases including Zika virus , influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus , HIV , and malaria ...
As a result, genetic vaccines and live vaccines generate cytotoxic T-cells in addition to antibodies in the vaccinated individual. In contrast to live vaccines, only parts of the pathogen are used, which means that a reversion to an infectious pathogen cannot occur as it happened during the polio vaccinations with the Sabin vaccine. [2]
In these people, the weakened virus can cause the original disease. [88] Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce "designer" vaccines that only have the capsid proteins of the virus. Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine. [89] These vaccines are safer because they can never cause the disease. [87]
Vaccines may be monovalent (also called univalent) or multivalent (also called polyvalent). A monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism. [82] A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms. [83]
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease.
To produce viral vaccines, candidate vaccine viruses are grown in mammalian, avian or insect tissue culture of cells with a finite lifespan. [5] These cells are typically Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, [6] but others are also used including monkey cell lines pMK and Vero and human cell lines HEK 293, MRC 5, Per.C6, PMK, and WI-38. [7]
An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. [1] The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer ...