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First page of Paul's epistle to Philemon in the Rochester Bible (12th century). A modern calligraphic rendition of the word calligraphy (Denis Brown, 2006). Western calligraphy is the art of writing and penmanship as practiced in the Western world, especially using the Latin alphabet (but also including calligraphic use of the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, as opposed to "Eastern" traditions ...
Carolingian minuscule alphabet Example from 10th-century manuscript, Vulgate Luke 1:5–8.. Carolingian minuscule or Caroline minuscule is a script which developed as a calligraphic standard in the medieval European period so that the Latin alphabet of Jerome's Vulgate Bible could be easily recognized by the literate class from one region to another.
Typography, type-founding, and typeface design began as closely related crafts in mid-15th-century Europe with the introduction of movable type printing at the junction of the medieval era and the Renaissance. Handwritten letterforms of the mid-15th century calligraphy were the natural models for letterforms in systematized typography. [1]
There was an early formative stage from 600-900 and the development of regional styles from 900 onwards. Early Islamic art used mosaic artists and sculptors trained in the Byzantine and Coptic traditions. [20]
Insular script is a medieval script system originating in Ireland that spread to England and continental Europe under the influence of Irish Christianity.Irish missionaries took the script to continental Europe, where they founded monasteries, such as Bobbio.
Henderson, Isabel, "Pictish art and the Book of Kells", in: Whitelock, Dorothy, Rosamund McKitterick, and David N. Dumville (eds.), Ireland in early medieval Europe: studies in memory of Kathleen Hughes, 1982, Cambridge University Press, 79–105. Lewis, Susanne. "Sacred Calligraphy: The Chi Rho Page in the Book of Kells".
However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by Muslim calligraphers of different national cultures, such as Persian or Ottoman calligraphy, from Al-Andalus in medieval Spain to China.
The letter b is similar to Luxeuil type, but the letter a has a straight first stroke, resembling a combination of i and c . This type was used from the end of the 8th century until the mid-9th century. The Liber glossarum, a major medieval reference work, was written in the "a-b type" script of Corbie.
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