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Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
For example, in a normal-demand scenario, a diene bearing an electron-donating group (EDG) at C1 has its largest HOMO coefficient at C4, while the dienophile with an electron withdrawing group (EWG) at C1 has the largest LUMO coefficient at C2. Pairing these two coefficients gives the "ortho" product as seen in case 1 in the figure below.
Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers , preprints , journal articles, and software components. [ 1 ]
Comprehensive list of papers from major computer science conferences and journals Free Leibniz Center for Informatics and University of Trier: EconBiz [38] Economics: 10,000,000 Covers journals, working papers & conferences in business studies and economics Free ZBW- German National Library of Economics– Leibniz Information Centre for ...
Description: In this paper, Becker demonstrates that neoclassical economic demand curves follow simply from the fact that compensated price changes in the goods available to consumers with fixed budget sets cause corresponding shifts in the consumption opportunity sets of those consumers and thus do not require any assumptions about the ...
The Energy Watch Group (EWG) is an international network of scientists and parliamentarians. The EWG conducts research and publishes studies on global energy developments concerning both fossil fuels and renewables. The organization states that it seeks to provide energy policy with objective information. [1]
The Economic Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal of economics published on behalf of the Royal Economic Society by Oxford University Press.The journal was established in 1891 and publishes papers from all areas of economics.The editor-in-chief is Francesco Lippi (Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli & Einaudi Institute of Economics and Finance).