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  2. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

    Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory (/ ˈ v ɛ s p ər, v ə ˈ s ɛ p ər / VESP-ər, [1]: 410 və-SEP-ər [2]) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. [3]

  3. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    In the case of water, with its 104.5° HOH angle, the OH bonding orbitals are constructed from O(~sp 4.0) orbitals (~20% s, ~80% p), while the lone pairs consist of O(~sp 2.3) orbitals (~30% s, ~70% p). As discussed in the justification above, the lone pairs behave as very electropositive substituents and have excess s character.

  4. Electron pair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_pair

    In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916. [1] [2]

  5. Molecular orbital theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory

    When one electron is removed from an sp 3 orbital, resonance is invoked between four valence bond structures, each of which has a single one-electron bond and three two-electron bonds. Triply degenerate T 2 and A 1 ionized states (CH 4 + ) are produced from different linear combinations of these four structures.

  6. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    This shape is found when there are four bonds all on one central atom, with no extra unshared electron pairs. In accordance with the VSEPR (valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory), the bond angles between the electron bonds are arccos(− ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠) = 109.47°. For example, methane (CH 4) is a tetrahedral molecule.

  7. Linnett double-quartet theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnett_Double-Quartet_Theory

    The LDQ structure of the ground state of O 2 does not involve any electron pairs, in contrast with the Lewis structure of the molecule. Instead, the electrons are arranged as shown below. The LDQ structure of molecular oxygen in the ground state (3 Σ g − state). The oxygen nuclei are coloured red while the electrons are coloured either ...

  8. Linear molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_molecular_geometry

    Structure of beryllium fluoride (BeF 2), a compound with a linear geometry at the beryllium atom. The linear molecular geometry describes the geometry around a central atom bonded to two other atoms (or ligands) placed at a bond angle of 180°.

  9. Jemmis mno rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemmis_mno_rules

    For example, consider (C 5 (CH 3) 5) 3 Ru + 2: 15 C–CH 3 groups provide 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 pairs. Each ruthenium atom provides one pair. Each ruthenium atom provides one pair. Removing the electron corresponding to the positive charge of the complex leads to a total of 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 + 2 − 1 ⁄ 2 = 24 pairs.