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In this situation, if the estimated value exists in one of the one-sided critical areas, depending on the direction of interest (greater than or less than), the alternative hypothesis is accepted over the null hypothesis. Alternative names are one-sided and two-sided tests; the terminology "tail" is used because the extreme portions of ...
A very simple equivalence testing approach is the ‘two one-sided t-tests’ (TOST) procedure. [11] In the TOST procedure an upper (Δ U) and lower (–Δ L) equivalence bound is specified based on the smallest effect size of interest (e.g., a positive or negative difference of d = 0.3).
The original example is termed a one-sided or a one-tailed test while the generalization is termed a two-sided or two-tailed test. The statement also relies on the inference that the sampling was random.
A one-tailed hypothesis (tested using a one-sided test) [2] is an inexact hypothesis in which the value of a parameter is specified as being either: above or equal to a certain value, or; below or equal to a certain value. A one-tailed hypothesis is said to have directionality. Fisher's original (lady tasting tea) example was a one-tailed test ...
Is the hypothesis being tested merely that there is a difference in the relevant population characteristics (in which case a two-sided test may be indicated), or does it involve a specific bias ("A is better than B"), so that a one-sided test can be used?
The alternative hypothesis is that hind leg length may be either greater than or less than foreleg length, which is a two sided test, specified as alternative="two.sided". The R command binom.test (x = 8, n = 10, p = 0.5, alternative = "two.sided") gives p=0.1094, as in the example.
This is the one-sided p-value for the null hypothesis that the 55 students are comparable to a simple random sample from the population of all test-takers. The two-sided p-value is approximately 0.014 (twice the one-sided p-value).
The alternative hypothesis may take several forms, depending on the nature of the hypothesized relation; in particular, it can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance). [22]