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Long short-term memory (LSTM) [1] is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) aimed at mitigating the vanishing gradient problem [2] commonly encountered by traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models , and other sequence learning methods.
Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are a gating mechanism in recurrent neural networks, introduced in 2014 by Kyunghyun Cho et al. [1] The GRU is like a long short-term memory (LSTM) with a gating mechanism to input or forget certain features, [2] but lacks a context vector or output gate, resulting in fewer parameters than LSTM. [3]
This was solved by the long short-term memory (LSTM) variant in 1997, thus making it the standard architecture for RNN. RNNs have been applied to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition , [ 2 ] speech recognition , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] natural language processing , and neural machine translation .
Support-Vector Clustering [5] and other kernel methods [6] and unsupervised machine learning methods become widespread. [7] 2010s: Deep learning becomes feasible, which leads to machine learning becoming integral to many widely used software services and applications. Deep learning spurs huge advances in vision and text processing. 2020s
Memory networks [69] [70] incorporate long-term memory. The long-term memory can be read and written to, with the goal of using it for prediction. These models have been applied in the context of question answering (QA) where the long-term memory effectively acts as a (dynamic) knowledge base and the output is a textual response. [71]
In machine learning, the Highway Network was the first working very deep feedforward neural network with hundreds of layers, much deeper than previous neural networks. [1] [2] [3] It uses skip connections modulated by learned gating mechanisms to regulate information flow, inspired by long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks.
Hochreiter has made contributions in the fields of machine learning, deep learning and bioinformatics, most notably the development of the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network architecture, [3] [4] but also in meta-learning, [5] reinforcement learning [6] [7] and biclustering with application to bioinformatics data.
100-long vector attention weight. These are "soft" weights which changes during the forward pass, in contrast to "hard" neuronal weights that change during the learning phase. A Attention module – this can be a dot product of recurrent states, or the query-key-value fully-connected layers. The output is a 100-long vector w. H