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Ayatollah (UK: / ˌ aɪ ə ˈ t ɒ l ə /, also US: / ˌ aɪ ə ˈ t oʊ l ə /; Arabic: اية الله, romanized: ʾāyatu llāh; Persian: آیتالله, romanized: âyatollâh [ɒːjjætˌolˈlɒːh]) is an honorific title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy. it came into widespread usage in the 20th century.
The Shah, who had gone into exile during the coup, returned to Iran and named General Fazlollah Zahedi as the new prime minister. Many contemporary sources attribute the coup, or counter coup , entirely to the U.S. American CIA ( CIA Coup ) and agents of the British MI6 who are reported to have organized and paid for it. [ 2 ]
OPEC had Iran and Iraq sit down and work aside their differences, which resulted in relatively good relations between the two nations throughout the 1970s. In 1978 the Shah made a request to then-Vice President Saddam Hussein to banish the expatriate Ayatollah Khomenei from Iraq, who had been living there in exile for the past 15 years. In ...
During that time two monarchs — Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi — employed secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent. The Pahlavi dynasty has sometimes been described as a "royal dictatorship", [1] or "one-man rule". [2]
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then Shah of Iran, and his allies, however, took the pacifism of clerics such as Shariatmadari as a sign of weakness. The Shah's government declared a ban on Muharram commemorations hoping to stop revolutionary protests. After a series of severe crack downs on the people and the clerics and the killing and arrest of ...
The office was established by the Constitution of Iran in 1979, pursuant to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, [16] and is a lifetime appointment. [17] Originally the constitution required the Supreme Leader to be Marja' -e taqlid , the highest-ranking cleric in the religious laws of Usuli Twelver ...
India Jawad-ul-Ulama Ayatollah Syed Ali Jawad Al-Husaini, Zangipur/Banaras (1857-1920) – Mu'aasir wa Ham-Jama'at Sahib-e-Abaqaat [45] India Munaitiq-e-Zaman Ayatullah Syed Mohammad Sajjad Al-Husaini – Founder Jamia Jawadia, Banaras (1928) [45] India Qudwat-ul-Fuqaha Ayatullah Syed Sibte Husain, Jaunpur [45] India Ayatollah Syed Ali Shah ...
Shah (/ ʃ ɑː /; Persian: شاه ⓘ – lit. ' king ') is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies. [1] It was also used by a variety of Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Khanate of Bukhara, the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, historical Afghan dynasties, and among Gurkhas. [2]