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Potential complications of venous stasis are: Venous ulcers; Blood clot formation in veins (venous thrombosis), that can occur in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis, DVT) or in the superficial veins; Id reactions [1]
Venous ulcer is defined by the American Venous Forum as "a full-thickness defect of skin, most frequently in the ankle region, that fails to heal spontaneously and is sustained by chronic venous disease, based on venous duplex ultrasound testing."
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins , a treatable condition. [ 2 ]
In orthopedic surgery, venous stasis can be temporarily provoked by a cessation of blood flow as part of the procedure. [56] Inactivity and immobilization contribute to venous stasis, as with orthopedic casts, [65] paralysis, sitting, long-haul travel, bed rest, hospitalization, [62] catatonia, [66] and in survivors of acute stroke. [67]
Stasis dermatitis is diagnosed clinically by assessing the appearance of red plaques on the lower legs and the inner side of the ankle. Stasis dermatitis can resemble a number of other conditions, such as cellulitis and contact dermatitis, and at times needs the use of a duplex ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis or if clinical diagnosis alone is not sufficient.
The management of lipodermatosclerosis may include treating venous insufficiency with leg elevation and elastic compression stockings. [9] In some difficult cases, the condition may be improved with the additional use of the fibrinolytic agent, stanozol. Fibrinolytic agents use an enzymatic action to help dissolve blood clots.
The reversed blood pools in the low third of legs and feet. [17] Unlike in the arterial ultrasound study, when the sonographer studies venous insufficiency, the vein wall itself has no relevance and attention is focused on the direction of blood flow. The objective of the examination is to see how the veins drain.
PCD is fully reversible if the causal venous thrombus is promptly removed. [23] In the 40-60% of people who go on to develop venous gangrene, there is a 20-50% risk of amputation and 20-40% mortality rate. [24] [25] Following PCD resolution patients are more likely to develop venous insufficiency and post-thrombotic syndrome [26]
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