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Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. ONH (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL, commonly known as UNIA), through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa.
The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) is a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican immigrant to the United States, and his then-wife Amy Ashwood Garvey.
Black Cross Nurses (officially the Universal African Black Cross Nurses) is an international organization of nurses which was founded in 1920, based upon the model of the Red Cross. The organization was the women's auxiliary of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League and was established to provide health ...
Garvey founded the UNIA in July 1914, and within the organization's first few years had started publishing Negro World. [6]Monthly, Negro World distributed more copies than The Messenger, The Crisis and Opportunity (other important African-American publications).
Negro Factories Corporation of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, was the "finance arm", [1] capitalized for $1 million, [2] offering stock shares, at $5 each, [2] for African-Americans to buy, [3] to provide loans to establish black-owned businesses.
On the witness stand, Garvey admitted that $600,000 ($10,922,000 in 2024) had been "blown to the wind". [10] The jury convicted only Garvey, but not the other three officers, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. In 1927, President Calvin Coolidge deported Garvey back to Jamaica. The Black Star Line ceased sailing in February 1922.
The second group, a radical black nationalist movement, emerged during World War II. Its leaders came from the LUA and the local branch of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). This group called itself variously the British Honduras Independent Labour Party, the People's Republican Party, and the People's National ...
Garveyism is an aspect of black nationalism that refers to the economic, racial and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Ethiopia, thou land of our fathers,