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Non-B DNA can have significant implications for DNA biology and human health. For example, Z-DNA has been implicated in immunity and autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and arthritis. [6] H-DNA has been implicated in genomic instability and cancer, and G-quadruplexes have been linked to telomere maintenance, [7] oncogene activation, and cancer. [8]
Genes take up about 30% of the pufferfish genome and the coding DNA is about 10%. (Non-coding DNA = 90%.) The reduced size of the pufferfish genome is due to a reduction in the length of introns and less repetitive DNA. [8] [9] Utricularia gibba, a bladderwort plant, has a very small nuclear genome (100.7 Mb) compared to most plants.
The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partly dehydrated samples of DNA, while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands, and in enzyme-DNA complexes. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt ...
Junk DNA (non-functional DNA) is a DNA sequence that has no known biological function. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Most organisms have some junk DNA in their genomes —mostly, pseudogenes and fragments of transposons and viruses—but it is possible that some organisms have substantial amounts of junk DNA.
Pseudogenes are found in bacteria. [50] Most are found in bacteria that are not free-living; that is, they are either symbionts or obligate intracellular parasites. Thus, they do not require many genes that are needed by free-living bacteria, such as gene associated with metabolism and DNA repair.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The chemical DNA was discovered in 1869, but its role in genetic inheritance was not demonstrated until 1943. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes.
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DNA nanotechnology is the design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures for technological uses. In this field, nucleic acids are used as non-biological engineering materials for nanotechnology rather than as the carriers of genetic information in living cells.