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The effects of lateral spreading (River Road in Christchurch following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake) Damage in Brooklands from the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, where buoyancy caused by soil liquefaction pushed up an underground service including this manhole. The effects of soil liquefaction on the built environment can be extremely damaging.
Coseismic liquefaction induced by one of the 2012 Emilia, Northern Italy, earthquakes. Secondary effects: mostly this is the intensity of the ground shaking (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, etc.). The importance of a tool to measure earthquake Intensity was already outlined early in the 1990s. [2]
The effects of soil liquefaction, seen after 2011 Canterbury earthquake. In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. [6]
The term ground failure is a general reference to landslides, liquefaction, lateral spreads, and any other consequence of shaking that affects the stability of the ground. This usually takes place as an after-effect of an earthquake, and is one of the major causes of destruction after an earthquake. Ground failures tend to happen almost every ...
A second interaction effect, tied to mechanical properties of soil, is the sinking of foundations, worsened by a seismic event. This phenomenon is called soil liquefaction . Most of the civil engineering structures involve some type of structural element with direct contact with ground.
Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders .
Fig.2 : Site effects in Mexico city: recordings from the 1985 earthquake. Seismic site effects have been first evidenced during the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. [4] The earthquake epicenter was located along the Pacific Coast (several hundreds kilometers from Mexico-City), the seismic shaking was however extremely strong leading to very large damages.
The 1964 Niigata earthquake (Japanese: 新潟地震) struck at 13:01 local time (04:01 UTC) on 16 June with a magnitude of either 7.5 or 7.6.The epicenter was on the continental shelf off the northwest coast of Honshu, Japan, in Niigata Prefecture, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the city of Niigata.