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The ancient Egyptian calendar – a civil calendar – was a solar calendar with a 365-day year. The year consisted of three seasons of 120 days each, plus an intercalary month of five epagomenal days treated as outside of the year proper. Each season was divided into four months of 30 days.
In ancient Egypt, these months were usually recorded by their number within the season: I, II, III, and IV Prt. They were also known by the names of their principal festivals, which came to be increasingly used after the Persian occupation. These then became the basis for the names of the months of the Coptic calendar.
In the lunar calendar, each began on a dawn when the waning crescent moon was no longer visible. In the civil calendar, each consisted of exactly 30 days [3] divided into three 10-day weeks known as decans. In ancient Egypt, these months were usually recorded by their number within the season: I, II, III, and IV Ꜣḫt.
The Season of the Harvest or Low Water [1] was the third and final season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars. It fell after the Season of the Emergence ( Prt ) and before the spiritually dangerous intercalary month ( Ḥryw Rnpt ), after which the New Year's festivities began the Season of the Inundation ( Ꜣḫt ). [ 1 ]
[3] The record itself actually refers to 21 July 140 CE, but astronomical calculation definitely dates the heliacal rising at 20 July 139 CE, Julian. This correlates the Egyptian calendar to the Julian calendar. A Julian leap day occurs in 140 CE, and so the new year on 1 Thoth is 20 July in 139 CE but it is 19 July for 140–142 CE.
Map of northern Egypt showing the location of the Tura quarries, Giza, and the find-spot of the Diary of Merer The Diary of Merer (also known as Papyrus Jarf ) is the name for papyrus logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by Merer, a middle-ranking official with the title inspector ( sḥḏ , sehedj ).
The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry. Translated by Robert Kriech Ritner; et al. (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09920-7. OCLC 234083884. Strudwick, Helen (2006). The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-904687-99-3.
Kathryn A. Bard is an American archaeologist, academic and author.She is a retired Professor Emerita of Archaeology & Classical Studies from Boston University. [1]Bard is most known for her work on the origins of complex societies and early states in Northeast Africa, the Red Sea trading network during the Bronze and Iron Ages, as well as the late prehistory of Egypt and northern Ethiopia/Eritrea.
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