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Plant disease epidemiology is the study of disease in plant populations. Much like diseases of humans and other animals, plant diseases occur due to pathogens such as bacteria , viruses , fungi , oomycetes , nematodes , phytoplasmas , protozoa , and parasitic plants . [ 1 ]
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi , oomycetes , bacteria , viruses , viroids , virus -like organisms, phytoplasmas , protozoa , nematodes and parasitic plants . [ 2 ]
Zadoks developed what is arguably the world's first course on plant disease epidemiology with a wet lab and field practical. He pioneered courses in 'Aerobiology', 'Crop Loss', 'Genetics of Resistance' and 'Plant Protection and Society'. The first course formed the basis of the textbook 'Epidemiology and plant disease management'. [4]
Plant disease triangle. Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases. [10] A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease. [11]
The plant disease triangle represents the factors necessary for disease to occur. Plant disease forecasting is a management system used to predict the occurrence or change in severity of plant diseases. At the field scale, these systems are used by growers to make economic decisions about disease treatments for control.
This fact is important due to the proximity of the disease to the major coconut and oil palm growing area of Mindanao. [9] An isolated focus of infection has been found on the Solomon Islands, in Oceania. [1] The available data at the present suggests that the epidemiology of cadang-cadang viroid may not be spreading into any specific route. [10]
Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae. It is named after its symptoms that were first present on apples. [1] ApMV is a positive sense RNA based virus. [1] The disease itself has several synonyms including Mild Apple Mosaic Virus, Hop Virus, Rose Mosaic Virus, and European Plum Line Patten Virus. [2]
When the disease is transferred to a new host, there is a delay in virulence, known as parasitic fitness. [6] In maize, the reproductive tassels are malformed. The disease seems to stimulate growth while suppressing it in other areas of development: the anthers are atrophied while the female structure development is blocked.