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The Five Mountains and Ten Monasteries System (五山十刹制度, Chinese: Wushan Shicha, Japanese: Gozan Jissetsu Seido) system, more commonly called simply Five Mountain System, was a network of state-sponsored Chan (Zen) Buddhist temples created in China during the Southern Song (1127–1279). The term "mountain" in this context means ...
The Zen tradition is maintained and transferred by a high degree of institutionalisation, [1] [2] despite the emphasis on individual experience [3] and the iconoclastic picture of Zen. [4] In Japan, modernity has led to criticism of the formal system and the commencement of lay-oriented Zen-schools such as the Sanbo Kyodan [5] and the Ningen ...
The hierarchical system of Zen has attracted severe criticism in the west, because of the misconception of the role and degree of awakening of Zen teachers. [ 3 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] The term rōshi has been applied to implicate a certified state of awakening, implying impeccable moral behaviour.
Anti-Buddhist government policies and religious persecution put many Buddhist institutions on the defensive against those who saw it as the enemy of the Japanese people. [107] [108] This led Japanese Buddhist institutions to re-examine and re-invent the role of Buddhism in a modernizing Japanese state which now supported state Shintō. [108]
See also Zen for an overview of Zen, Chan Buddhism for the Chinese origins, and Sōtō, Rinzai and Ōbaku for the three main schools of Zen in Japan. Japanese Zen refers to the Japanese forms of Zen Buddhism, an originally Chinese Mahāyāna school of Buddhism that strongly emphasizes dhyāna, the meditative training of awareness and equanimity. [1]
The Zen performed sitting just down and meditating. [2] Mainly an activity of Zen schools. Zen (禅) – Mahayana school of Buddhism that had great influence and power in Japan through the Five Mountain System (see Gozan seido). It is itself divided in three sub-schools, Sōtō (曹洞), Rinzai (臨済), and Ōbaku (黃檗). Zenchishiki ...
Ōbaku Zen or the Ōbaku school (Japanese: 黄檗宗, romanized: Ōbaku-shū) is one of three main schools of Japanese Zen Buddhism, in addition to the Sōtō and Rinzai schools. The school was founded in Japan by the Chinese monk Ingen Ryūki, who immigrated to Japan during the Manchu conquest of China in the 17th century.
The home temple of a sōhei monastic order might have had several, if not dozens or a hundred, smaller monasteries, training halls, and subordinate temples connected to it. A famous sōhei monastery is Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei , just outside Kyoto , while Kōfuku-ji in Nara also fielded a large sōhei army.