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The Geographer used the same model and other elements as The Astronomer. Portrayals of scientists were a favourite topic in 17th-century Dutch painting [1] and Vermeer's oeuvre includes both this astronomer and the slightly later The Geographer. Both are believed to portray the same man, [2] [3] [4] possibly Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. [5]
The Astronomer, which seems to form a pendant with this painting, shows a similar, sophisticated knowledge of cartographic instruments and books, and the same young man modeled for both. That man himself may have been the source of Vermeer's correct display of surveying and geographical instruments, and possibly of his knowledge of perspective. [3]
In Vermeer's painting The Astronomer (1668), the book lying on the table has been identified as a 1621 second edition of Metius's Institutiones Astronomicae Geographicae. It is opened to Book III, where "inspiration from God" is recommended for astronomical research along with knowledge of geometry and the aid of mechanical instruments. [4]
Girl with a Red Hat (attribution to Vermeer has been questioned) [15] 1668 or c. 1665–67 [8] Oil on panel, 22.8 × 18 cm National Gallery of Art, Washington: The Astronomer: 1668 Oil on canvas, 50.8 × 46.3 cm Louvre, Paris: The Geographer: 1668/69 Oil on canvas, 53 × 46.6 cm Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main: The Lacemaker: 1669/70
Johannes Vermeer (/ v ər ˈ m ɪər, v ər ˈ m ɛər / vər-MEER, vər-MAIR, Dutch: [joːˈɦɑnəs fərˈmeːr]; see below; also known as Jan Vermeer; October 1632 – 15 December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life.
3. Limit non-sleep activities. From our phones, friends, and work, to our favorite Netflix shows, we receive a lot of stimulation during the day.
According to astronomer Fred Espenak, who literally writes the book on this stuff (he’s calculated full and new moon distances from Earth through year 2500 on his site AstroPixels.com), October ...
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