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Data federation – Combine result sets from across multiple source systems. Data delivery – Publish result sets as views and/or data services executed by client application or users when requested. Data virtualization software may include functions for development, operation, and/or management. [citation needed]
The Data Distribution Service (DDS) for real-time systems is an Object Management Group (OMG) machine-to-machine (sometimes called middleware or connectivity framework) standard that aims to enable dependable, high-performance, interoperable, real-time, scalable data exchanges using a publish–subscribe pattern.
In a software-defined data center, "all elements of the infrastructure — networking, storage, CPU and security – are virtualized and delivered as a service." [2] SDDC support can be claimed by a wide variety of approaches. Critics see the software-defined data center as a marketing tool and "software-defined hype," noting this variability. [3]
Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI) is a software-defined IT infrastructure that virtualizes all of the elements of conventional "hardware-defined" systems. HCI includes, at a minimum, virtualized computing (a hypervisor), software-defined storage, and virtualized networking (software-defined networking).
Internal network virtualization configures a single system with software containers, such as Xen hypervisor control programs, or pseudo-interfaces, such as a VNIC, to emulate a physical network with software. This can improve a single system's efficiency by isolating applications to separate containers or pseudo-interfaces.
Middleware often enables interoperability between applications that run on different operating systems, by supplying services so the application can exchange data in a standards-based way. Middleware sits "in the middle" between application software that may be working on different operating systems.
Systems Network Architecture [1] (SNA) is IBM's proprietary networking architecture, created in 1974. [2] It is a complete protocol stack for interconnecting computers and their resources. SNA describes formats and protocols but, in itself, is not a piece of software.
The concerns about the energy needs and environmental impacts of data centers are intensifying. [5] Energy efficiency is one of the major challenges of today's information and communications technology (ICT) sector. The networking portion of a data center is accounted to consume around 15% of overall cyber energy usage.