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This is the most common state for finished articles such as tools and machine parts. In contrast, the same steel composition in annealed state is softer, as required for forming and machining. Depending on the temperature and composition of the steel, it can be hardened or softened. To make steel harder, it must be heated to very high temperatures.
Another common need for a custom bushing is when the hole needed is perpendicular jig plate; in this case a bracket bushing is used. It is a hardened piece of right angle steel that screws to the jig plate and is located with dowel pins. [6]
A common plain bearing design utilizes a hardened and polished steel shaft and a softer bronze bushing. The bushing is replaced whenever it has worn too much. Common bronze alloys used for bearings include: SAE 841, SAE 660 , SAE 863, and CDA 954. [19]
Bushings can be metal or plastic, or even air. Plain bearings can run on hardened steel or stainless steel shafting (raceways), or can be run on hard-anodized aluminum or soft steel or aluminum. For plastic bushings, the specific type of polymer/fluoro-polymer will determine what hardness is allowed.
Martensitic transformation, more commonly known as quenching and tempering, is a hardening mechanism specific for steel. The steel must be heated to a temperature where the iron phase changes from ferrite into austenite, i.e. changes crystal structure from BCC (body-centered cubic) to FCC (face-centered cubic). In austenitic form, steel can ...
Steel which has a carbon content greater than ~0.25% can be direct-hardened by heating to around 600°C, and then quickly cooling, often by immersing in water or oil, known as quenching. Hardening is desirable for metal components because it gives increased strength and wear resistance, the tradeoff being that hardened steel is generally more ...
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