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Immediate-release melatonin has a short elimination half-life of about 20 to 50 minutes. [22] [9] [10] Prolonged-release melatonin used as a medication has a half-life of 3.5 to 4 hours. [11] [8] Melatonin was discovered in 1958. [9]
The systems of the body most affected by chemotherapy drugs include visual and semantic memory, attention and motor coordination and executive functioning. [9] [10] These effects can impair a chemotherapy patient's ability to understand and make decisions regarding treatment, perform in school or employment and can reduce quality of life. [10]
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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Ramelteon, sold under the brand name Rozerem among others, is a melatonin agonist medication which is used in the treatment of insomnia. [3] [5] It is indicated specifically for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset. [3] It reduces the time taken to fall asleep, but the degree of clinical benefit is small. [6]
[1] 6-Hydroxymelatonin is produced as a result of the enzymatic conversion of melatonin through hydroxylation. [2] Similar to melatonin, 6-OHM is a full agonist of the MT 1 and MT 2 receptors. [3] [4] It is also an antioxidant and neuroprotective, and is even more potent in this regard relative to melatonin. [5] [6]
It was previously used in the treatment of breast cancer, but has been replaced by more effective and less toxic agents. Estrace is an estrogen which was also formerly used for antiandrogen therapy of prostate cancer. [2] Polyestradiol phosphate is a long-acting derivative of estradiol that is applied as an intramuscular injection.
Breast cancer can metastasize anywhere in body but primarily metastasizes to the bone, lungs, regional lymph nodes, liver and brain, with the most common site being the bone. [4] Treatment of metastatic breast cancer depends on location of the metastatic tumors and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological, and hormonal therapy. [5]