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  2. Water of crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization

    Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation. Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can ...

  3. Mineral hydration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_hydration

    In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate.. In geological terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as retrograde alteration and is a process occurring in retrograde metamorphism.

  4. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    However, the release of the heat of fusion during crystallization causes the entropy of the universe to increase, thus this principle remains unaltered. The molecules within a pure, perfect crystal, when heated by an external source, will become liquid. This occurs at a sharply defined temperature (different for each type of crystal).

  5. Hydrothermal synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis

    Hydrothermal synthesis can be defined as a method of synthesis of single crystals that depends on the solubility of minerals in hot water under high pressure. The crystal growth is performed in an apparatus consisting of a steel pressure vessel called an autoclave, in which a nutrient is supplied along with water. A temperature gradient is ...

  6. Retrogradation (starch) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrogradation_(starch)

    Retrogradation can expel water from the polymer network. This process is known as syneresis. A small amount of water can be seen on top of the gel. Retrogradation is directly related to the staling or aging of bread. [3] Retrograded starch is a type of resistant starch. Chemical modification of starches can reduce or enhance the retrogradation ...

  7. Magmatic water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatic_water

    It plays a key role in assessing the crystallization of igneous rocks, particularly silicates, as well as the rheology and evolution of magma chambers. Magma is composed of minerals, crystals and volatiles in varying relative natural abundance. [1] Magmatic differentiation varies significantly based on various factors, most notably the presence ...

  8. Inmate who killed Oklahoma girl says if execution could ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/inmate-killed-oklahoma-girl-says...

    Oklahoma death row inmate, Kevin Ray Underwood, 44, is set to be executed Thursday, 18 years after he killed 10-year-old neighbor Jamie Rose Bolin.

  9. Freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing

    Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to the slow removal of heat when in contact with air, which is a poor heat conductor.