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Set operations in SQL is a type of operations which allow the results of multiple queries to be combined into a single result set. [1] Set operators in SQL include UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, which mathematically correspond to the concepts of union, intersection and set difference.
Conversely, an inner join can result in disastrously slow performance or even a server crash when used in a large volume query in combination with database functions in an SQL Where clause. [2] [3] [4] A function in an SQL Where clause can result in the database ignoring relatively compact table indexes. The database may read and inner join the ...
SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.
Microsoft SQL Server extends with supporting guards and also with supporting Left Join via WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE clauses. PostgreSQL supports merge since version 15 but previously supported merging via INSERT INTO... ON CONFLICT [conflict_target] conflict_action. [9] CUBRID supports MERGE INTO [10] statement. And supports the use of INSERT...
In the above example, the application might supply the values "bike" for the first parameter and "10900" for the second parameter, and then later the values "shoes" and "7400". The alternative to a prepared statement is calling SQL directly from the application source code in a way that combines code and data.
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The standard relational algebra and relational calculus, and the SQL operations based on them, are unable to express directly all desirable operations on hierarchies. The nested set model is a solution to that problem. An alternative solution is the expression of the hierarchy as a parent-child relation. Joe Celko called this the adjacency list ...
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