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  2. Coin flipping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping

    (The revived XFL, which launched in 2020, removed the coin toss altogether and allowed that decision to be made as part of a team's home field advantage.) In an association football match, the team winning the coin toss chooses which goal to attack in the first half; the opposing team kicks off for the first half. For the second half, the teams ...

  3. Feller's coin-tossing constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feller's_coin-tossing...

    Feller's coin-tossing constants are a set of numerical constants which describe asymptotic probabilities that in n independent tosses of a fair coin, no run of k consecutive heads (or, equally, tails) appears. William Feller showed [1] that if this probability is written as p(n,k) then

  4. Quantum coin flipping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coin_flipping

    In quantum cryptography, weak coin flipping (WCF) is defined to be a coin flipping problem where each player knows the preference of the other. [14] It follows that the players have opposite preferences. If this were not the case then the problem will be pointless as the players can simply choose the outcome they desire.

  5. Portland Penny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Penny

    The Portland Penny is the name subsequently given to a specific copper matron head one-cent coin, used to decide the name of Portland, Oregon, United States. The City of Portland's two founders, Francis Pettygrove from Portland, Maine and Asa Lovejoy from Boston, Massachusetts , both wanted to name the fledgling site—then known as The ...

  6. Flipism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipism

    Flipism, sometimes spelled "flippism", is a personal philosophy under which decisions are made by flipping a coin.It originally appeared in the Donald Duck Disney comic "Flip Decision" [1] [2] by Carl Barks, published in 1953.

  7. Checking whether a coin is fair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is...

    In statistics, the question of checking whether a coin is fair is one whose importance lies, firstly, in providing a simple problem on which to illustrate basic ideas of statistical inference and, secondly, in providing a simple problem that can be used to compare various competing methods of statistical inference, including decision theory.

  8. Penney's game - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penney's_game

    Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The player ...

  9. Sleeping Beauty problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_problem

    Imagine tossing a coin, if the coin comes up heads, a green ball is placed into a box; if, instead, the coin comes up tails, two red balls are placed into a box. We repeat this procedure a large number of times until the box is full of balls of both colours. A single ball is then drawn from the box.