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Langue and parole is a theoretical linguistic dichotomy distinguished by Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics. [1]The French term langue ('[an individual] language') [2] encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system; it is independent of, and pre-exists, the individual user.
Proposition 57 was an initiated California ballot proposition, approved on the November 8, 2016 ballot. The Proposition allows parole consideration for nonviolent felons, changes policies on juvenile prosecution, [2] and authorizes sentence credits for rehabilitation, good behavior, and education.
ACA 6 passed the California State Assembly by a vote of 54-19 on September 5, 2019, and was approved by the California State Senate by a vote of 28-9 on June 24, 2020. [6] After being put on the ballot, ACA 6 was given the ballot designation of Proposition 17. Under California law, there is a distinction between probation [7] and parole. [8]
[15] de Saussure describes two components of language: langue and parole. Langue consists of the structural relations that define a language, which includes grammar, syntax and phonology. Parole is the physical manifestation of signs; in particular the concrete manifestation of langue as speech or writing.
A 2018 study from the University of California, Irvine, maintains that Prop 47 was not a "driver" for recent upticks in crime, based upon comparison of data from 1970 to 2015, in New York, Nevada, Michigan and New Jersey, states that closely matched California's crime trends, but that "what the measure did do was cause less harm and suffering ...
Joint Venture Program. Unemployment Benefits. Parole. 195 – Passed – Punishment. Special Circumstances. Carjacking. Murder of Juror. 196 – Passed – Punishment for Murder. Special Circumstances. Drive-By Shootings. 197 – Failed – Amendment of the California Wildlife Protection Act of 1990 (Proposition 117). Mountain Lions.
California Proposition 20 was a proposed initiated state statute on the ballot in the 2020 California elections. This initiative would have added more crimes to the list of non-violent felonies for which early parole is restricted, and would have required DNA collection for certain misdemeanors.
The 1986 Proposition 63, titled Official State Language, was a proposition in the state of California on the November 4, 1986 ballot. The ballot initiative created Article III, Section 6 of the California Constitution and made English the official language of the state. The measure passed by a 46.5% margin.