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Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach; Nonstandard calculus; Infinitesimal; Archimedes' use of infinitesimals; For further developments: see list of real analysis topics, list of complex analysis topics, list of multivariable calculus topics
This is a list of some of the more commonly known problems that are NP-complete when expressed as decision problems. As there are thousands of such problems known, this list is in no way comprehensive. Many problems of this type can be found in Garey & Johnson (1979).
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.
Calculus focuses on rates of change (within functions), such as accelerations, curves, and slopes. The development of calculus is credited to Archimedes, Bhaskara, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton; lesser credit is given to Isaac Barrow, René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Christiaan Huygens, and John Wallis.
For functions in certain classes, the problem of determining: whether two functions are equal, known as the zero-equivalence problem (see Richardson's theorem); [4] the zeroes of a function; whether the indefinite integral of a function is also in the class. [5] Of course, some subclasses of these problems are decidable.
Justifying this calculus was the content of Hilbert's 15th problem, and was also the major topic of the 20 century algebraic geometry. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In the course of securing the foundations of intersection theory, Van der Waerden and André Weil [ 3 ] [ 4 ] related the problem to the determination of the cohomology ring H*(G/P) of a flag ...
Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of contemporary mathematics education . Calculus has widespread applications in science , economics , and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.
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