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Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. The therapy targets immune checkpoints , key regulators of the immune system that when stimulated can dampen the immune response to an immunologic stimulus.
The prevalence of checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis varies depending on the regimen of immunotherapy. The incidence is 0.7 – 1.6% for anti- programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) agents, 5.7 – 9.1% for anti- cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and about 13.6% for combination therapy. [ 2 ]
This checkpoint is the target of Merck & Co.'s melanoma drug Keytruda, which gained FDA approval in September 2014. The checkpoint is also the target of EMD Serono (Merck KGaA)'s drug Bavencio, which gained FDA approval in 2017. An advantage of targeting PD-1 is that it can restore immune function in the tumor microenvironment.
An immune checkpoint regulator is a modulator of the immune system, that allows initiation of a productive immune response and prevents the onset of autoimmunity. Examples of such a molecule are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4 or CD152), which is an inhibitory receptor found on immune cells and programmed cell death 1 (CD279), which has an important role in down-regulating the immune ...
[5] [10] Immunotherapy with these immune checkpoint inhibitors appears to shrink tumours in a higher number of patients across a wider range of tumour types and is associated with lower toxicity levels than other immunotherapies, with durable responses. [5] However, de-novo and acquired resistance is still seen in a large proportion of patients ...
Eftilagimod alpha (INN; [1] development code IMP321 or efti) is a large-molecule cancer drug being developed by the clinical-stage biotechnology company Immutep.Efti is a soluble version of the immune checkpoint molecule LAG-3.
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A MEK inhibitor is a chemical or drug that inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase enzymes MEK1 and/or MEK2.They can be used to affect the MAPK/ERK pathway which is often overactive in some cancers.