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A charge pump is a kind of DC-to-DC converter that uses capacitors for energetic charge storage to raise or lower voltage. Charge-pump circuits are capable of high efficiencies , sometimes as high as 90–95%, while being electrically simple circuits.
Keith Bontrager (/ b ɒ n ˈ t r eɪ ɡ ər /; born December 18, 1954) is a motorcycle racer [1] who became a pioneer in the development of the modern mountain bike. Between 1980 and 1995, he was president of his own Bontrager Company , which continues to develop components for Trek Bicycle Corporation after Trek bought out Bontrager.
The charger provides a constant current, typically the maximum current that the charger is capable of producing. As a result of this current, the battery absorbs a charge and its voltage rises. The charger limits the maximum voltage to U max , a constant or temperature-dependent maximum, typically around 2.4 V per cell.
A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, [1] [2] is a device that stores energy in an electric battery by running current through it. The charging protocol—how much voltage and current, for how long and what to do when charging is complete—depends on the size and type of the battery being charged.
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Trickle charging is the process of charging a fully charged battery at a rate equal to its self-discharge rate, enabling the battery to remain at its fully charged level. This state occurs almost exclusively when the battery is not loaded, as trickle charging will not keep a battery charged if current is being drawn by a load.
Figure 2.Greinacher circuit. The Greinacher voltage doubler is a significant improvement over the Villard circuit for a small cost in additional components. The ripple is much reduced, nominally zero under open-circuit load conditions, but when current is being drawn depends on the resistance of the load and the value of the capacitors used.
A pulser pump makes use of water that flows through pipes and an air chamber from an upper reservoir to a lower reservoir. The intake is a trompe, which uses water flow to pump air to a separation chamber; air trapped in the chamber then drives an airlift pump. The top of the pipe that connects the upper reservoir to the air chamber is ...