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The common spangle gall on the underside of leaves and the currant gall on the male catkins or occasionally the leaves, develop as chemically induced distortions on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), or sessile oak (Quercus petraea) trees, caused by the cynipid wasp [1] Neuroterus quercusbaccarum which has both agamic and bisexual generations.
Although nearly spherical, the galls often have a number of little flattened nodules. The rounded growths are filled with a spongy mass and a single wasp larva is located in a hard, seed-like cell in the centre. [7] The word 'marble' derives from the gall's shape, which is a marble-like rounded structure.
The host plants, and the size and shape of the galls are specific to the majority of gall wasps, with about 70% of the known species parasitizing various types of oak, inducing oak galls. Galls can be found on nearly all parts of such trees, including the leaves, buds, branches, and roots.
Resseliella liriodendri Tulip Tree Leaf Spot Gall Midge; Rhopalomyia pomum Sponge Gall Midge; ... Amphibolips confluenta Spongy Oak Apple Gall Wasp;
The gall itself is a typical oak apple gall in appearance, roughly spherical and varies from greenish to reddish or orange depending on host, age and environmental conditions. The galls range in size from a 2–14 cm across and often contain multiple larvae as well as parasites and other species that form a mutual relationship by feeding off ...
Krebs gall is caused by surface agents. Filz gall is caused by agents among surface hairs. Fold/roll gall is caused by agents within turned-over leaf blades. Pouch gall is caused by agents within a cup-like structure that occurs when opposite ends of the infected structure arch upward and form a spherical oval. Causative inside agents include:
If you've been having trouble with any of the connections or words in Sunday's puzzle, you're not alone and these hints should definitely help you out. Plus, I'll reveal the answers further down ...
The chalcid wasp larva develops inside the gall and when it emerges as an adult insect the gall is spherical and up to 2.7 millimeters wide. During an infestation there are usually 3 to 6 galls per leaf, but up to 65 have been observed on a single leaf. [1] The adult wasps emerge from the galls after growing inside for 3–4 months.