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More than 8000 species of sea sponges live in oceanic and freshwater habitats. [1] Sponge fishing historically has been an important and lucrative industry, with yearly catches from years 1913 to 1938 regularly exceeding 181 tonnes and generating over 1 million U.S. dollars.
Hexactinellid sponges require a hard substrate, and do not anchor to muddy or sandy sea floors. [6] They are found only where sedimentation rates are low, dissolved silica is high (43–75 μM), and bottom currents are between 0.15 and 0.30 m/s. [5] Dissolved oxygen is low (64–152 μM), and temperatures are a cool 5.5-7.3 °C at the reefs. [5]
If temperature-tracking sea sponges are to be trusted, climate change has progressed much further than scientists have estimated. A new study that uses ocean organisms called sclerosponges to ...
Polymastia is a genus of sea sponges containing about 30 species. [1] These are small to large encrusting or dome-shaped sponges with a smooth surface having many teat-shaped projections . In areas of strong wave action, this genus does not grow the teat structures, but instead grows in a corrugated form. [2]
Winter and McCulloch said these rusty orange long-lived sponges — one of them was more than 320 years old when it was collected — are special in a way that makes them an ideal measuring tool ...
Callyspongia crassa, commonly known as prickly tube-sponge, is a species of sponge found from the Red Sea to the Seychelles.Its wide flexible brown tube with exterior protuberances can appear as a single tube or as clusters of tubes and can reach up to 50 centimeters (20 inches) in size.
The perennial plant northern sea oats offer visual appeal throughout the year. The ornamental grass also provides seeds for wildlife during winter.
Euplectella is a genus of glass sponges which includes the well-known Venus' Flower Basket. Glass sponges have a skeleton [2] made up of silica spicules that can form geometric patterns. These animals are most commonly found on muddy sea bottoms in the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans. [3]