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For example, a GAN trained on photographs can generate new photographs that look at least superficially authentic to human observers, having many realistic characteristics. Though originally proposed as a form of generative model for unsupervised learning , GANs have also proved useful for semi-supervised learning , [ 2 ] fully supervised ...
When the activation function is non-linear, then a two-layer neural network can be proven to be a universal function approximator. [6] This is known as the Universal Approximation Theorem . The identity activation function does not satisfy this property.
Keras, a high level open-source software library for machine learning (works on top of other libraries). [81] Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit (previously known as CNTK), an open source toolkit for building artificial neural networks. [82] OpenNN, a comprehensive C++ library implementing neural networks. [83]
Backpropagation computes the gradient of a loss function with respect to the weights of the network for a single input–output example, and does so efficiently, computing the gradient one layer at a time, iterating backward from the last layer to avoid redundant calculations of intermediate terms in the chain rule; this can be derived through ...
The Inception Score (IS) is an algorithm used to assess the quality of images created by a generative image model such as a generative adversarial network (GAN). [1] The score is calculated based on the output of a separate, pretrained Inception v3 image classification model applied to a sample of (typically around 30,000) images generated by the generative model.
In machine learning, a deep belief network (DBN) is a generative graphical model, or alternatively a class of deep neural network, composed of multiple layers of latent variables ("hidden units"), with connections between the layers but not between units within each layer.
AlexNet contains eight layers: the first five are convolutional layers, some of them followed by max-pooling layers, and the last three are fully connected layers. The network, except the last layer, is split into two copies, each run on one GPU. [1]
ML involves the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. [3] These algorithms operate by building a model from a training set of example observations to make data-driven predictions or decisions expressed as outputs, rather than following strictly static program instructions.