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A water clock, or clepsydra (from Ancient Greek κλεψฯδρα (klepsúdra) ' pipette, water clock '; from κλฮญπτω (kléptล) ' to steal ' and แฝδωρ (hydor) ' water '; lit. ' water thief ' ), is a timepiece by which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel, and where the ...
Islamic water clocks, which used complex gear trains and included arrays of automata, were unrivalled in their sophistication until the mid-14th century. [40] [41] Liquid-driven mechanisms (using heavy floats and a constant-head system) were developed that enabled water clocks to work at a slower rate. [41]
The MUL.APIN contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting heliacal risings and settings of the planets, and lengths of daylight as measured by a water clock, gnomon, shadows, and intercalations. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in 'strings' that lie along declination circles and thus measure right ...
The royal gur-cube (Cuneiform: LU 2.GAL.GUR, ๐ ๐ฅ; Akkadian: šarru kurru) was a theoretical cuboid of water approximately 6 m × 6 m × 0.5 m from which all other units could be derived. The Neo-Sumerians continued use of the royal gur-cube as indicated by the Letter of Nanse issued in 2000 BCE by Gudea.
The Sumerian calendar was the next earliest, ... Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra. [28] [29] ...
The Abzû or Apsû (Sumerian: ๐๐ช abzû; Akkadian: ๐๐ช apsû), also called E ngar (Cuneiform: ๐, LAGAB×HAL; Sumerian: engar; Akkadian: engurru – lit. ab = 'water' zû = 'deep', recorded in Greek as แผπασฯν Apasแนn [1]), is the name for fresh water from underground aquifers which was given a religious fertilising quality in ancient near eastern cosmology, including ...
1 Overview of water clocks and other time instruments. 2 Arabic & Islamic water clocks. 3 Babylonian water clocks. 4 Chinese water clocks. 5 Egyptian water clocks.
The main source of information about Sumerian creation mythology is the prologue to the epic poem Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld, [205] [206] which briefly describes the process of creation: at first, there is only Nammu, the primeval sea. [207] Then, Nammu gives birth to An (the Sumerian name for Anu), the sky, and Ki, the earth. [207]