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The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was the first mRNA vaccine approved by a medicines regulator, followed by the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, and others. The main types of RNA therapeutics are those based on messenger RNA (mRNA), antisense RNA (asRNA), RNA interference (RNAi), and RNA aptamers .
In molecular biology, the five-prime cap (5′ cap) is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA.This process, known as mRNA capping, is highly regulated and vital in the creation of stable and mature messenger RNA able to undergo translation during protein synthesis.
A normal mRNA starts and ends with sections that do not code for amino acids of the actual protein. These sequences at the 5′ and 3′ ends of an mRNA strand are called untranslated regions (UTRs). The two UTRs at their strand ends are essential for the stability of an mRNA and also of a modRNA as well as for the efficiency of translation, i ...
An illustration of how mRNA is processed for export, starting with the 5'capping process. Eukaryotic RNA must undergo a series of modifications in order to be exported from the nucleus and successfully translated into function proteins, many of which are dependent on mRNA capping, the first mRNA modification to take place.
Dr. Drew Weissman, left, a physician-scientist, and biochemist Katalin Karikó won the Nobel Prize in medicine for discoveries that enabled the creation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 and that ...
Mechanism of self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) used for antigen production. The ORF encoding the antigen can also be substituted with a protein for use in protein replacement therapy. This sequence encodes the protein of interest, used as an antigen in the case of vaccines or for protein replacement therapies. The gene of interest replaces the viral ...
The beauty of mRNA technology is that it opens the door to a more personalized and effective treatment as messenger RNA instructs the patient’s cells how to combat diseases like cancer.
The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech had short-term efficacy rates of over 90 percent against the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. Prior to mRNA, drug trials on pathogens other than COVID-19 were not effective and had to be abandoned in the early phases of trials. The reason for the efficacy of the new mRNA vaccines is not clear.
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