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Vitamin B 12 is absorbed by a B 12-specific transport proteins or via passive diffusion. [12] Transport-mediated absorption and tissue delivery is a complex process involving three transport proteins: haptocorrin (HC), intrinsic factor (IF) and transcobalamin II (TC2), and respective membrane receptor proteins. HC is present in saliva.
In pigs it is obtained from the pylorus and beginning of the duodenum; [12] in human beings it is present in the fundus and body of the stomach. [ 13 ] The limited amount of normal human gastric intrinsic factor limits normal efficient absorption of B 12 to about 2 μg per meal, a nominally adequate intake of B 12 .
[4]: 50–51 Vitamin B 12 is therefore an important vitamin for the body to absorb. Despite its vital role however, vitamin B 12 is structurally very sensitive to the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach secretions, and easily denatures in that environment before it has a chance to be absorbed by the small intestine.
One of the superpowers of vitamin B12 is that it is the only water-soluble vitamin that can be stored in the human body, Kitchens points out, and it can remain stored in the liver for several years.
Vitamin B 12 cannot be produced by the human body, and must be obtained from the diet. [2] The body normally gets enough vitamin B 12 from the consumption of foods from animal sources. [2] Inadequate dietary intake of animal products such as eggs, meat, milk, fish, fowl (and some type of edible algae) can result in a deficiency state. [134]
Transcobalamin I (TC-1), also known as haptocorrin (HC), R-factor, and R-protein is encoded in the human by the TCN1 gene. TC-1 is a glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the mouth. It primarily serves to protect cobalamin (Vitamin B12) from acid degradation in the stomach by producing a HC-Vitamin B 12 complex.
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Once you get an evaluation, a doctor will usually order a blood test to check for a vitamin B12 deficiency, along with other potential factors that could cause dementia-like symptoms, Sachdev says.
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