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  2. Unbiased estimation of standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbiased_estimation_of...

    Bias in standard deviation for autocorrelated data. The figure shows the ratio of the estimated standard deviation to its known value (which can be calculated analytically for this digital filter), for several settings of α as a function of sample size n. Changing α alters the variance reduction ratio of the filter, which is known to be

  3. Algorithms for calculating variance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_for_calculating...

    Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.

  4. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    When only a sample of data from a population is available, the term standard deviation of the sample or sample standard deviation can refer to either the above-mentioned quantity as applied to those data, or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation (the standard deviation of the entire population).

  5. Robust measures of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_measures_of_scale

    Robust measures of scale can be used as estimators of properties of the population, either for parameter estimation or as estimators of their own expected value.. For example, robust estimators of scale are used to estimate the population standard deviation, generally by multiplying by a scale factor to make it an unbiased consistent estimator; see scale parameter: estimation.

  6. Bessel's correction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel's_correction

    Since the square root introduces bias, the terminology "uncorrected" and "corrected" is preferred for the standard deviation estimators: s n is the uncorrected sample standard deviation (i.e., without Bessel's correction) s is the corrected sample standard deviation (i.e., with Bessel's correction), which is less biased, but still biased

  7. Statistical dispersion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_dispersion

    Common examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation, and interquartile range. For instance, when the variance of data in a set is large, the data is widely scattered. On the other hand, when the variance is small, the data in the set is clustered.

  8. 68–95–99.7 rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule

    For an approximately normal data set, the values within one standard deviation of the mean account for about 68% of the set; while within two standard deviations account for about 95%; and within three standard deviations account for about 99.7%. Shown percentages are rounded theoretical probabilities intended only to approximate the empirical ...

  9. Sample size determination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination

    The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is usually determined based on the cost, time, or convenience of collecting the data, and the need for it to offer sufficient statistical power. In complex studies ...