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In section 32 of that Act, the expression "fine" includes a pecuniary penalty but does not include a pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation. [ 12 ] In sections 15 to 32 and 48 of the Criminal Law Act 1977 , the expression "fine" includes any pecuniary penalty.
The distinction between pecuniary and technological externalities was originally introduced by Jacob Viner, who did not use the term externalities explicitly but distinguished between economies (positive externalities) and diseconomies (negative externalities). [1] Under complete markets, pecuniary externalities offset each other. For example ...
Obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception [1] was formerly a statutory offence in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. It was replaced with the more general offence of fraud by the Fraud Act 2006. The offence still exists in certain other common law jurisdictions [2] which have copied the English criminal model.
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This Act largely replaces the laws relating to obtaining property by deception, obtaining a pecuniary advantage and other offences that were created under the Theft Act 1978. These offences attracted much criticism for their complexity and difficulty in proving at court.
A civil penalty or civil fine is a financial penalty imposed by a government agency as restitution for wrongdoing. The wrongdoing is typically defined by a codification of legislation, regulations, and decrees.
Use a humidifier and/or air purifier Environmental adjustments can make a significant difference too, says Dr. Mercola. Try using a humidifier to “maintain humidity levels between 35-45% in your ...
At common law, damages are a remedy in the form of a monetary award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. [1] To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss.