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The Hmong–Mien languages (also known as Miao–Yao and rarely as Yangtzean) [1] are a highly tonal language family of southern China and northern Southeast Asia.They are spoken in mountainous areas of southern China, including Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei provinces; the speakers of these languages are predominantly "hill people", in contrast to the ...
However, a major difference between China and Western Europe is the historical reestablishment of political unity in 6th century China by the Sui dynasty, a unity that has persisted with relatively brief interludes until the present day. Meanwhile, Europe remained politically decentralized, and developed numerous independent states.
Xiang or Hsiang (Chinese: 湘; Changsha Xiang: [sian˧ y˦˩], [2] Mandarin: [ɕi̯aŋ˥ y˨˩˦]), also known as Hunanese, is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Sinitic languages, spoken mainly in Hunan province but also in northern Guangxi and parts of neighboring Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces.
New Xiang is orange, Old Xiang yellow, and Chen-Xu Xiang red. Non-Xiang languages are (clockwise from top right) Gan (purple), Hakka (pink along the right), Xiangnan Tuhua (dark green), Waxianghua (dark blue on the left), and Southwestern Mandarin (light blue, medium blue, light green on the left; part of dark green).
The differences between the two are shown in the table below. In the past, the wide-ranging influence of Mandarin from the southwest, north, and west made it difficult to classify Xiang. The most significant difference between the Old and New varieties is that all the initial consonants become voiceless, as shown in the table below.
There are discrepancies between the Bopomofo tables and the pinyin table due to some minor differences between the ... yao: biao: piao: miao: ... xiang: iang ing ...
The Old Xiang varieties, being more conservative, have in general kept them while the New Xiang ones have altogether lost them and changed them to voiceless unaspirated consonants. Although most Chinese dialectologists treat New Xiang as part of the group , Zhou Zhenhe and You Rujie classify it as Southwestern Mandarin .
Jian xiang (兼 香, jiānxiāng; mixed aroma): A class of distilled liquors that is a blend of two or more varieties of baijiu. As such, liquors of this class vary widely in their aroma, mouth-feel, and dryness. Feng xiang(鳳 香, fèngxiāng; Xifeng style aroma): A class of distilled liquor fermented in mud pits and aged in rattan containers.