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Physiognomy (from Greek φύσις (physis) 'nature' and γνώμων (gnomon) 'judge, interpreter') or face reading is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance—especially the face.
The face is the front of an animal's head that features the eyes, nose and mouth, and through which animals express many of their emotions. [1] [2] The face is crucial for human identity, and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities may affect the psyche adversely.
Bruce & Young Model of Face Recognition, 1986. One of the most widely accepted theories of face perception argues that understanding faces involves several stages: [7] from basic perceptual manipulations on the sensory information to derive details about the person (such as age, gender or attractiveness), to being able to recall meaningful details such as their name and any relevant past ...
It is suggested that the masculinity of facial features is a reliable indication of good health, or, alternatively, that masculine-looking males are more likely to achieve high status. [140] However, the correlation between attractive facial features and health has been questioned. [ 141 ]
In racist discourse, especially that of post-Enlightenment Western writers, a Roman nose has been characterized as a marker of beauty and nobility. [5] A well-known example of the aquiline nose as a marker contrasting the bearer with their contemporaries is the protagonist of Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688).
"You could see a diamond-shaped face, and someone else would call it an oblong face," says Dr. Tripathi. "There's a more gaunt temple area, more width to the mid-face, and then a narrower lower face."
It is distinct from phrenology, the pseudoscience that tried to link personality and character to head shape, and physiognomy, which tried the same for facial features. Today, physical and forensic anthropologists use craniometry to study the evolution of human populations, determining the origin of ancient remains such as the Kennewick Man.
A personality test is a method of assessing human personality constructs.Most personality assessment instruments (despite being loosely referred to as "personality tests") are in fact introspective (i.e., subjective) self-report questionnaire (Q-data, in terms of LOTS data) measures or reports from life records (L-data) such as rating scales.