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Karasek's (1979) job demands-control model is the earliest and most cited model relating work design to occupational stress. The key assumption of this model is that low levels of work-related decision latitude (i.e. job control) combined with high workloads (i.e. job demands) can lead to poorer physical and mental health. [19]
This model was expanded into the demand-control-support model that suggests that the combination of high control and high social support at work buffers the effects of high demands. [ 60 ] As a work demand, workload is also relevant to the job demands-resources model of stress that suggests that jobs are stressful when demands (e.g., workload ...
Job resources: Work engagement is found to be positively associated with job resources such as social support from co-workers and from one's superior, performance feedback, coaching, job control, task variety, opportunities for learning and development, and training facilities. These resources are helpful in reducing the impact of job demands ...
Perceived control at work as measured by the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL) [18] is recognized as a central concept in the understanding of relationships between stressful experiences, behaviour and health. Control at work, within the theoretical model underpinning the WRQoL, is influenced by issues of communication at work ...
Work–family enrichment or work–family facilitation is a form of positive spillover, defined as a process whereby involvement in one domain establishes benefits and/or resources which then may improve performance or involvement in another domain (Greenhaus & Powell, 2006). [24]
Workplace health promotion is the combined efforts of employers, employees, and society to improve the mental and physical health and well-being of people at work. [1] The term workplace health promotion denotes a comprehensive analysis and design of human and organizational work levels with the strategic aim of developing and improving health resources in an enterprise.
Evidence for the dual process: a number of studies have supported the dual pathways to employee well being proposed by the JD-R model. It has been shown that the model can predict important organizational outcomes (e.g. [9] [10] [3] Taken together, research findings support the JD-R model's claim that job demands and job resources initiate two different psychological processes, which ...
Some studies have found that remote work increases worker productivity [141] and leads to higher supervisor ratings of performance and higher performance appraisals. [67] However, another study found that professional isolation in remote workers led to a decrease in job performance, especially for those who spent more time remote working and ...