Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
First-order hold (FOH) is a mathematical model of the practical reconstruction of sampled signals that could be done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and an analog circuit called an integrator. For FOH, the signal is reconstructed as a piecewise linear approximation to the original signal that was sampled.
N th-order CIC filters have N times as many poles and zeros in the same locations as the 1 st-order. Thus, the 1 st-order CIC's frequency response is a crude low-pass filter. Typically the gain is normalized by dividing by () so DC has the peak of unity gain. The main lobes drop off as it reaches the next zero, and is followed by a series of ...
The bilinear transform is a first-order approximation of the natural logarithm function that is an exact mapping of the z-plane to the s-plane. When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal (with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse), the result is precisely the Z ...
The bilinear transform is a first-order Padé approximant of the natural logarithm function that is an exact mapping of the z-plane to the s-plane.When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal (with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse), the result is precisely the Z transform of the discrete-time sequence with the ...
The transfer function coefficients can also be used to construct another type of canonical form ˙ = [] + [] () = [] (). This state-space realization is called observable canonical form because the resulting model is guaranteed to be observable (i.e., because the output exits from a chain of integrators, every state has an effect on the output).
The transfer function for a first-order process with dead time is = + (), where k p is the process gain, τ p is the time constant, θ is the dead time, and u(s) is a step change input. Converting this transfer function to the time domain results in
At first glance, this technique can be viewed as subtractive synthesis based on a feedback loop similar to that of a comb filter for z-transform analysis. However, it can also be viewed as the simplest class of wavetable-modification algorithms now known as digital waveguide synthesis, because the delay line acts to store one period of the signal.
The first example gives the circuit for a 6th order maximally flat delay. Circuit values for z a and z b for a normalized lattice (with z b the dual of z a ) were given earlier. However, in this example the alternative version of z b is used, so that an unbalanced alternative can be easily produced.