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Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, [1] is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength , breaking strength , maximum elongation and reduction in area. [ 2 ]
Because the local strains in the neck are large, necking is often closely associated with yielding, a form of plastic deformation associated with ductile materials, often metals or polymers. [1] Once necking has begun, the neck becomes the exclusive location of yielding in the material, as the reduced area gives the neck the largest local stress .
BS 18 Forms of Tensile Test Pieces; BS 19 Report on Temperature Experiments on Field Coils of Electrical Machines; BS 20 Report on BS Screw Threads; BS 21 Report on Pipe Threads for Iron or Steel Pipes and Tubes; BS 22 Report on Effect of Temperature on Insulating Materials; BS 23 Standards for Trolley Groove and Wire,
Schematic and dimensions of a compact tension specimen. A compact tension specimen ( CT ) is a type of standard notched specimen in accordance with ASTM [ 1 ] and ISO [ 2 ] standards. Compact tension specimens are used extensively in the area of fracture mechanics and corrosion testing, in order to establish fracture toughness and fatigue crack ...
Barcol hardness test, for composite materials; Tensile testing, used to obtain the stress-strain curve for a material, and from there, properties such as Young modulus, yield (or proof) stress, tensile stress and % elongation to failure. Impact testing Izod test; Charpy test; Fracture toughness testing Linear-elastic (K Ic) K–R curve
The test method for conducting the test usually involves a specified test fixture on a universal testing machine. Details of the test preparation, conditioning, and conduct affect the test results. The sample is placed on two supporting pins a set distance apart. Calculation of the flexural stress
It is a generalized form of tensile testing in which the material sample is simultaneously stressed along two perpendicular axes. Typical materials tested in biaxial configuration include metal sheets , [ 1 ] silicone elastomers , [ 2 ] composites , [ 3 ] thin films , [ 4 ] textiles [ 5 ] and biological soft tissues .
The type of notch introduced to a specimen depends on the material and characterization employed. For standardized testing of fracture toughness by the Charpy impact method, specimen and notch dimensions are most often taken from American standard ASTM E23, or British standard BS EN ISO 148-1:2009.