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A space jellyfish (also jellyfish UFO or rocket jellyfish) is a rocket launch-related phenomenon caused by sunlight reflecting off the high-altitude rocket plume gases emitted by a launching rocket during morning or evening twilight. The observer is in darkness, while the exhaust plumes at high altitudes are still in direct sunlight.
It was built with concrete and refractory brick. The main flame deflector was situated inside the trench directly underneath the rocket boosters. The V-shaped steel structure was covered with a high-temperature concrete material. It separated the exhaust of the orbiter main engines and of the solid rocket boosters into two flame trenches.
The small particles in the expanding exhaust plume or "cloud" diffract sunlight and produce the rose, blue, green and orange colors—much like a dispersive prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow) – thereby making the twilight phenomenon all the more spectacular.
The 33 Raptor rocket engines affixed to the bottom of the Super Heavy rocket booster are seen firing as SpaceX launched its fifth flight test of Starship on October 13. - Spacex/UPI/Shutterstock
CFD is often undertaken for rocket plumes, where condensed phase constituents can be present in addition to gaseous constituents. These types of simulations can become quite complex, including afterburning and thermal radiation , and (for example) ballistic missile launches are often detected by sensing hot rocket plumes.
Shock diamonds are the bright areas seen in the exhaust of this statically mounted Pratt & Whitney J58 engine on full afterburner.. Shock diamonds (also known as Mach diamonds or thrust diamonds, and less commonly Mach disks) are a formation of standing wave patterns that appear in the supersonic exhaust plume of an aerospace propulsion system, such as a supersonic jet engine, rocket, ramjet ...
The rocket's exhaust plume was observed and reported to news organizations in the United States from New Jersey to Massachusetts. [38] A 2018 experiment briefly created noctilucent clouds over Alaska, allowing ground-based measurements and experiments aimed at verifying computer simulations of the phenomenon.
Since this exhaust begins traveling in the "wrong" direction (i.e., outward from the main exhaust plume), the efficiency of the engine is reduced as the rocket travels because this escaping exhaust is no longer contributing to the thrust of the engine. An aerospike rocket engine seeks to eliminate this loss of efficiency. [1]