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Joule heating affects the whole electric conductor, unlike the Peltier effect which transfers heat from one electrical junction to another. Joule-heating or resistive-heating is used in many devices and industrial processes. The part that converts electricity into heat is called a heating element. Among the applications are:
According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating. [4] The high purchase price of a heat pump vs resistance heaters may be offset when air conditioning is also needed.
In a suspended design, a resistance heater is attached at two or more points to normally either a ceramic or mica insulator. Suspended resistance heaters can transfer heat via convection and radiation, but not conduction as they are surrounded by air. In an embedded heating element, the resistance heater is encased in the insulator.
A positive-temperature-coefficient heating element (PTC heating element), or self-regulating heater, is an electrical resistance heater whose resistance increases significantly with temperature. The name self-regulating heater comes from the tendency of such heating elements to maintain a constant temperature when supplied by a given voltage.
Electric heating can either be purely resistance-type heating or make use of a heat pump system to take advantage of low-grade heat in the air or ground. A district heating system uses centrally located boilers or water heaters and circulates heat energy to individual customers by circulating hot water or steam. This has the advantage of a ...
Normally resistance heating elements are insulated from the water going through the boiler; sensitive ground fault leakage current detection may be installed to alarm or shut off power if an insulation failure is detected. Electrode boilers put the water supply in direct contact with the electrical supply; current collectors or other features ...
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