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Circular shifts are used often in cryptography in order to permute bit sequences. Unfortunately, many programming languages, including C, do not have operators or standard functions for circular shifting, even though virtually all processors have bitwise operation instructions for it (e.g. Intel x86 has ROL and ROR).
If 00010111 is a valid codeword, applying a right circular shift gives the string 10001011. If the code is cyclic, then 10001011 is again a valid codeword. In general, applying a right circular shift moves the least significant bit (LSB) to the leftmost position, so that it becomes the most significant bit (MSB); the other positions are shifted ...
The left-adjoint of the Perron–Frobenius operator is the Koopman operator or composition operator. The general setting is provided by the Borel functional calculus. As a general rule, the transfer operator can usually be interpreted as a (left-)shift operator acting on a shift space. The most commonly studied shifts are the subshifts of ...
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For the cylinder, this means that if we decide that for the side region the normal will point out of the body, then for the top and bottom circular parts, the normal must point out of the body too. Last, there are surfaces which do not admit a surface normal at each point with consistent results (for example, the Möbius strip). If such a ...
So for the left shift T, σ p (T) is the open unit disk and σ c (T) is the unit circle, whereas for the right shift T*, σ r (T*) is the open unit disk and σ c (T*) is the unit circle. For p = 1, one can perform a similar analysis. The results will not be exactly the same, since reflexivity no longer holds.
When the transfer operator is a left-shift operator, the Koopman operator, as its adjoint, can be taken to be the right-shift operator. An appropriate basis, explicitly manifesting the shift, can often be found in the orthogonal polynomials. When these are orthogonal on the real number line, the shift is given by the Jacobi operator. [5]
The pocket-sized Hewlett-Packard HP-35 scientific calculator was the first handheld device of its type, but it cost US$395 in 1972. This was justifiable for some engineering professionals, but too expensive for most students. Around 1974, lower-cost handheld electronic scientific calculators started to make slide rules largely obsolete.
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