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Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument ( bronchoscope ) is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy .
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also known as bronchoalveolar washing, is a diagnostic method of the lower respiratory system in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into an appropriate airway in the lungs, with a measured amount of fluid introduced and then collected for examination.
A bronchial challenge test is a medical test used to assist in the diagnosis of asthma. [1] The patient breathes in nebulized methacholine or histamine.Thus the test may also be called a methacholine challenge test or histamine challenge test respectively.
The results provided a "yield/procedure [rate at] 74% and 100% for peripheral lesions and lymph nodes, respectively." Additionally, "a diagnosis was obtained in 80.4% of bronchoscopic procedures." The study concluded that ENB "is a safe method for sampling peripheral and mediastinal lesions with high diagnostic yield independent of lesion size ...
An induration (palpable raised hardened area of skin) of more than 5–15 mm (depending upon the person's risk factors) to 10 Mantoux units is considered a positive result, indicating TB infection. [citation needed] 5 mm or more is positive in HIV-positive person; Recent contacts of TB case
Deviation from guidelines can result in false-positive or false negative test results, even though only a small minority of pulmonary function laboratories followed published guidelines for spirometry, lung volumes and diffusing capacity in 2012. [19]
Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is recommended in possible cases of organizing pneumonia to rule out infection and other causes of alveolar infiltrates. [9] The bronchoalveolar lavage in organizing pneumonia shows a lymphocytic predominant inflammation of the alveoli with increases in neutrophils and eosinophils. [9]
In other words, an EUS that has a positive result (shows cancer) will avoid further needless surgery, whereas a result not showing cancer may be false-negative, and probably requires an excisional biopsy technique for confirmation, such as VATS or mediastinoscopy.