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A G cell or gastrin cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas [1] and duodenum. The vagus nerve innervates the G cells.
Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. Other hormones produced include cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, alpha and gamma-endorphin. [10] [24]
Gastrin is a linear peptide hormone produced by G cells of the duodenum and in the pyloric antrum of the stomach.It is secreted into the bloodstream. The encoded polypeptide is preprogastrin, which is cleaved by enzymes in posttranslational modification to produce progastrin (an intermediate, inactive precursor) and then gastrin in various forms, primarily the following three:
These cells almost fill the tube and the remaining lumen is continued as a very fine channel. Cells found in the gastric glands include mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, G cells, and enterochromaffin-like cells (ECLs). The first cells of all of the glands are mucus-secreting foveolar cells that line the gastric pits.
Gastrin is released by G cells in the stomach in response to distension of the antrum and digestive products (especially large quantities of incompletely digested proteins). It is inhibited by a pH normally less than 4(high acid), as well as the hormone somatostatin .
The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its chromosomes have condensed. Cell nucleus: A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes, and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis (transcription) occur.
Phosducin-transducin beta-gamma complex. Beta and gamma subunits of G-protein are shown by blue and red, respectively. Guanosine diphosphate Guanosine triphosphate. G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior.
Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. [1] Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism).