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Crystal structure of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl). The methylammonium cation (CH 3 NH 3 +) is surrounded by PbX 6 octahedra. [13]The name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion.
The main obstacle to viable tin perovskite solar cells is the instability of tin's oxidation state Sn 2+, which is easily oxidized to the stabler Sn 4+. [10] In solar cell research, this process is called self-doping, [11] because the Sn 4+ acts as a p-dopant and reduces solar cell efficiency.
Perovskite (pronunciation: / p ə ˈ r ɒ v s k aɪ t /) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (chemical formula Ca Ti O 3).Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO 3, known as the perovskite structure, which has a general chemical formula A 2+ B 4+ (X 2−) 3. [6]
Methylammonium lead halides (MALHs) are solid compounds with perovskite structure and a chemical formula of [CH 3 NH 3] + Pb 2+ (X −) 3, where X = Cl, Br or I. They have potential applications in solar cells, [2] lasers, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radiation detectors, [3] [4] scintillator, [5] magneto-optical data storage [6] and ...
Perovskite solar cells (not included in the chart) typically have significantly larger global warming potential than other thin-film materials in cradle-to-grave LCA, around 5-8x worse than mono crystalline silicon at 150g CO 2-eq /kWh. However, in grade-to-gate LCA, Perovskite cells perform 10-30% lower than mono-crystalline silicon ...
Synthetic perovskites are possible materials for high-efficiency photovoltaics [37] [38] – they showed a conversion efficiency of up to 26.3% [38] [39] [40] and can be manufactured using the same thin-film manufacturing techniques as that used for thin film silicon solar cells. [41]
Michael Grätzel stated "Our research work on solid-state Dye Solar Cells (ss-DSC) is now achieving efficiencies exceeding 15%". [7] However, this is now considered a perovskite solar cell and the official accredited DSC solar cell efficiency is 11.9% determined by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. [8]
One of many possible designs for a Heterojunction–Perovskite tandem solar cell. [102] Heterojunction–Perovskite tandem structures have been fabricated, with some research groups reporting a power conversion efficiency exceeding the 29.43% Shockley–Queisser limit for crystalline silicon. This feat has been achieved in both monolithic and 4 ...
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