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  2. Sverdrup balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdrup_balance

    In words, this equation says that as a vertical column of water is squashed, it moves toward the Equator; as it is stretched, it moves toward the pole. Assuming, as did Sverdrup, that there is a level below which motion ceases, the vorticity equation can be integrated from this level to the base of the Ekman surface layer to obtain:

  3. Hypsometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsometry

    The curve can also be shown in non-dimensional or standardized form by scaling elevation and area by the maximum values. The non-dimensional hypsometric curve provides a hydrologist or a geomorphologist with a way to assess the similarity of watersheds — and is one of several characteristics used for doing so. The hypsometric integral is a ...

  4. Geodesics on an ellipsoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_on_an_ellipsoid

    Also shown (in green) are curves of constant s 12, which are the geodesic circles centered A. Gauss (1828) showed that, on any surface, geodesics and geodesic circle intersect at right angles. The red line is the cut locus , the locus of points which have multiple (two in this case) shortest geodesics from A .

  5. Earth section paths - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_section_paths

    The inverse problem for earth sections is: given two points, and on the surface of the reference ellipsoid, find the length, , of the short arc of a spheroid section from to and also find the departure and arrival azimuths (angle from true north) of that curve, and . The figure to the right illustrates the notation used here.

  6. Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection

    The original and most common aspect of the Mercator projection for maps of the Earth is the normal aspect, for which the axis of the cylinder is the Earth's axis of rotation which passes through the North and South poles, and the contact circle is the Earth's equator.

  7. Spherical Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth

    Earth's shape is also slightly lumpy because it is composed of different materials of different densities that exert slightly different amounts of gravitational force per volume. The liquidity of a hot, newly formed planet allows heavier elements to sink down to the middle and forces lighter elements closer to the surface, a process known as ...

  8. AOL Mail

    mail.aol.com

    Get AOL Mail for FREE! Manage your email like never before with travel, photo & document views. Personalize your inbox with themes & tabs. You've Got Mail!

  9. Oblate spheroidal coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblate_spheroidal_coordinates

    These friction factors determine the rotational diffusion of molecules, which affects the feasibility of many techniques such as protein NMR and from which the hydrodynamic volume and shape of molecules can be inferred. Oblate spheroidal coordinates are also useful in problems of electromagnetism (e.g., dielectric constant of charged oblate ...