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The platinum-group metals (PGMs), also known as the platinoids, platinides, platidises, platinum group, platinum metals, platinum family or platinum-group elements (PGEs), are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 ...
Platinum is a chemical element; it has symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name originates from Spanish platina, a diminutive of plata "silver". [7] [8] Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of ...
Group 10 elements are observed in oxidation states of +1 to +4. [2] The +2 oxidation state is common for nickel and palladium, while +2 and +4 are common for platinum. Oxidation states of -2 and -1 have also been observed for nickel [3] [4] and platinum, [5] and an oxidation state of +5 has been observed for palladium [6] and platinum. [7]
In comparison, only platinum is known to show the maximum oxidation state in the group, +6, while the most stable state is +2 for both nickel and palladium. It is further expected that the maximum oxidation states of elements from bohrium (element 107) to darmstadtium (element 110) may be stable in the gas phase but not in aqueous solution. [3]
Though naturally occurring platinum alloys containing all six platinum-group metals were used for a long time by pre-Columbian Americans and known as a material to European chemists from the mid-16th century, not until the mid-18th century was platinum identified as a pure element. That natural platinum contained palladium, rhodium, osmium and ...
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Osmiridium-564562. Osmiridium and iridosmine are natural alloys of the elements osmium and iridium, with traces of other platinum-group metals.. Osmiridium has been defined as containing a higher proportion of iridium, with iridosmine containing more osmium.