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A naturally occurring inhibitor of factor Xa was reported in 1971 by Spellman et al. from the dog hookworm. [15] In 1987, Tuszynski et al. discovered antistasin, which was isolated from the extracts of the Mexican leech, Haementeria officinalis.
Apixaban is indicated for the following: [6] To lower the risk of stroke and embolism in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention. DVTs may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in knee or hip replacement surgery patients. Treatment of both DVT and PE. To reduce the risk of recurring DVT and PE after initial ...
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG), sold under the brand name Adequan, is an injectable drug for dogs and horses that is used to alleviate the limpness, pain, and lowered range of motion caused by arthritis. [2]
This analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug is primarily used as a pain relief for mild to moderate inflammation related to osteoarthritis in dogs. Grapiprant has been approved by the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine and was categorized as a non- cyclooxygenase inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in March 2016.
On the other hand, novel drugs like ticagrelor (Brilinta®) and cangrelor (Kengrexal®) are non-thienopyridines and reversibly inhibit P2Y 12 meaning they act directly on the receptor without the requirement of metabolic activation and display faster onset and offset of action. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Urapidil is a sympatholytic antihypertensive drug.It acts as an α 1-adrenoceptor antagonist and as an 5-HT 1A receptor agonist. [1] Although an initial report suggested that urapidil was also an α 2-adrenoceptor agonist, [2] this was not substantiated in later studies that demonstrated it was devoid of agonist actions in the dog saphenous vein and the guinea-pig ileum. [3]
In dogs, sheep, horses, and cattle, the half-life is very short: only 1.21– 5.97 minutes. Complete elimination of the drug can take up to 23 minutes in sheep and up to 49 minutes in horses. [1] [3] In young rats the half-life is one hour. [18] Xylazine has a large volume of distribution of V d = 1.9 – 2.5 for horses, cattle, sheep, and dogs ...
[14] [15] Aortic thrombosis does occasionally occur in dogs, but here the thrombi arise directly at the aortic branch; as a thromboembolic event, as in cats, they are extremely rare. [16] There are also isolated case reports of thromboembolism in the domestic horse, [ 17 ] whereas in other species they are of no practical significance.
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