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  2. Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_optics_ray...

    The 46° halo was first explained as being caused by refractions through ice crystals in 1679 by the French physicist Edmé Mariotte (1620–1684) in terms of light refraction [1] Jacobowitz in 1971 was the first to apply the ray-tracing technique to hexagonal ice crystal. Wendling et al. (1979) extended Jacobowitz's work from hexagonal ice ...

  3. Atmospheric optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_optics

    A glory is an optical phenomenon, appearing much like an iconic Saint's halo about the head of the observer, produced by light backscattered (a combination of diffraction, reflection and refraction) towards its source by a cloud of uniformly sized water droplets. A glory has multiple colored rings, with red colors on the outermost ring and blue ...

  4. Photometeor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometeor

    Various arcs, halos and sun dogs. In atmospheric optics, a photometeor is a bright object or other optical phenomenon appearing in the Earth's atmosphere when sunlight or moonlight creates a reflection, refraction, diffraction or interference under particular circumstances.

  5. Radio propagation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation

    Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. [1]: 26‑1 As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. [2]

  6. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflectance...

    In regular reflection, the Fresnel equations describe the physics, which includes both reflection and refraction, at the optical boundary of a plate. A "pile of plates" is still a term of art used to describe a polarizer in which a polarized beam is obtained by tilting a pile of plates at an angle to an unpolarized incident beam.

  7. Refractive index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

    A ray of light being refracted through a glass slab Refraction of a light ray. In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is the ratio of the apparent speed of light in the air or vacuum to the speed in the medium.

  8. Total internal reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection

    Fig. 1: Underwater plants in a fish tank, and their inverted images (top) formed by total internal reflection in the water–air surface. In physics, total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water to air) are not refracted into the second ("external") medium, but completely reflected back into ...

  9. Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wide-angle...

    In comparison to the typical seismic reflection survey, which is restricted to relatively small incidence angles due to the limited offsets between source and receiver, wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) data are acquired with long offsets, allowing the recording of both refracted and wide-angle reflection arrivals.