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  2. Shelterwood cutting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterwood_cutting

    A shelterwood establishment cut in an eastern white pine stand in Maine. Shelterwood cutting removes part of the old forest stand to allow for a natural establishment of seedlings under the cover of the remaining trees. [1] Initial cuttings give just enough light to allow for the regeneration of desired species. Subsequent cuttings give the new ...

  3. Clearcutting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearcutting

    Clearcutting, clearfelling or clearcut logging is a forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with shelterwood and seed tree harvests , it is used by foresters to create certain types of forest ecosystems and to promote select species [ 1 ] that require an abundance of sunlight or grow in ...

  4. Deforestation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation

    Trees are cut down for use as building material, timber or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal or timber), while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock and agricultural crops. The vast majority of agricultural activity resulting in deforestation is subsidized by government tax revenue . [ 89 ]

  5. Wood grain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain

    Wood grain is the longitudinal arrangement of wood fibers [1] or the pattern resulting from such an arrangement. [2] R. Bruce Hoadley wrote that grain is a "confusingly versatile term" with numerous different uses, including the direction of the wood cells (e.g., straight grain, spiral grain), surface appearance or figure, growth-ring placement (e.g., vertical grain), plane of the cut (e.g ...

  6. Tree shaping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_shaping

    Tree shaping (also known by several other alternative names) uses living trees and other woody plants as the medium to create structures and art. There are a few different methods [2] used by the various artists to shape their trees, which share a common heritage with other artistic horticultural and agricultural practices, such as pleaching, bonsai, espalier, and topiary, and employing some ...

  7. Tree shaping methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_shaping_methods

    Instant tree shaping [3] [2] [15] is a widely used method. [3] It uses mature trees, perhaps 6–12 ft. (2–3.5 m) long [5] [4]: 196 and 3-4in (7.6–10 cm) in trunk diameter. [5] [4]: 172 An instantaneous form is created by bending, weaving and sometimes cutting or marking the trees into the desired shape. Then the shaping is held in place ...

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  9. Pruning shears - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning_shears

    As long as the blade meets the anvil at the end of the cut and fits tightly against it, the material is separated. For this reason, the blades of anvil pruners can be ground thinner than those on bypass pruners. The LÖWE principle – a drawing cut made against a fixed support – combines a drawing cut with a pushing cut.