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The Pledge of Allegiance: A Revised History and Analysis, 1892–2007 (Free State Press, Inc.) ISBN 978-0-9650620-2-2 Excerpt, Chapter Eight: "Under God" and Other Questions About the Pledge. Ellis, Richard J. (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press) ISBN 0-7006-1372-2
In the Middle Ages, especially under the European feudal system, feoffment / ˈ f ɛ f m ən t / or enfeoffment was the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service. This mechanism was later used to avoid restrictions on the passage of title in land by a system in which a landowner would give land to one person for ...
In Roman law, a thing given as a pledge or bond was a sacramentum. The sacramentum legis actio was a sum of money deposited in a legal procedure [5] to affirm that both parties to the litigation were acting in good faith. [6] If correct law and procedures had been followed, it could be assumed that the outcome was iustum, right or valid.
In medieval Europe, an oath of fealty (German: Lehnseid) was a fundamental element of the feudal system in the Holy Roman Empire.It was sworn between two people, the feudal subject or liegeman (vassal) and his feudal superior (liege lord).
The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States has been criticized on several grounds. Its use in government funded schools has been the most controversial, as critics contend that a government-sanctioned endorsement of religion violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
An antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings. Each word in the pair is the antithesis of the other. A word may have more than one antonym. There are three categories of antonyms identified by the nature of the relationship between the opposed meanings.
A thesaurus (pl.: thesauri or thesauruses), sometimes called a synonym dictionary or dictionary of synonyms, is a reference work which arranges words by their meanings (or in simpler terms, a book where one can find different words with similar meanings to other words), [1] [2] sometimes as a hierarchy of broader and narrower terms, sometimes simply as lists of synonyms and antonyms.
The Pledge: Requiem for the Detective Novel, a 1958 novella by Friedrich Dürrenmatt; The Pledge, a 2001 American mystery directed by Sean Penn; The Pledge, the title of the DVD release of A Gunfighter's Pledge, a 2008 TV Western; The Pledge (British TV programme), 2016-2020; Pledge, a 2018 American horror film